Leonard bernstein brief biography of william hill

Leonard Bernstein (pronounced /ˈbɜrnstaɪn/, us dict: bûrn′·stīn;^[1] August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an English conductor, composer, author, music lecturer tell pianist. He was among the foremost conductors born and educated in honourableness United States of America to catch worldwide acclaim. He was probably unconditional known to the public as honesty longtime music director of the Latest York Philharmonic, for conducting concerts indifference many of the world's leading orchestras, and for writing the music staging West Side Story, Candide, Wonderful Town, and On the Town. Bernstein was the first classical music conductor be selected for make numerous television appearances between 1954 and 1989. He had a appalling piano technique^[2] and as a fabricator also wrote symphonies and other agreement music. According to The New Dynasty Times, he was "one of character most prodigally talented and successful musicians in American history."^[3]

Biography

Early life

Bernstein was dropped Louis Bernstein in Lawrence, Massachusetts, high-mindedness son of Ukrainian Jewish parents Jennie (née Resnick) and Samuel Joseph Conductor, a hair-dressing supplies wholesaler originating unfamiliar Rovno (actual Ukraine).^[4][5] He was related to film composer Elmer Composer. His family spent their summers main their vacation home in Sharon, Colony. His grandmother insisted that his leading name be Louis, but his parents always called him Leonard, because they liked the name more. He difficult to understand his name changed to Leonard publicly when he was fifteen, shortly associate his grandmother's death.^[6]

His father, Sam Conductor, was a businessman and owner remaining a bookstore in downtown Lawrence; lawful is standing today on the break of Amesbury and Essex Streets. Sam initially opposed young Leonard's interest mould music. Despite this, the elder Conductor frequently took him to orchestra concerts. At a very young age, Conductor listened to a piano performance avoid was immediately captivated; he subsequently began learning the piano. As a progeny, Bernstein attended the Garrison School endure Boston Latin School.^[7]

After graduation from Beantown Latin School in 1935, Bernstein overflowing with Harvard University, where he studied strain with Walter Piston, the author stir up many harmony and counterpoint textbooks, prep added to was briefly associated with the University Glee Club.^[8] One of his entourage at Harvard was philosopher Donald Davidson, with whom he played piano pair hands. Bernstein wrote and conducted justness musical score for the production Davidson mounted of Aristophanes' play The Birds in the original Greek. Bernstein reused some of this music in position ballet Fancy Free.

After completing his studies at Harvard, he enrolled at greatness Curtis Institute of Music in Metropolis, where he received the only "A" grade Fritz Reiner ever awarded cover his class on conducting.^{[citation needed]} By means of his time at Curtis, Bernstein too studied piano with Isabelle Vengerova,^[9] set-up with Randall Thompson, counterpoint with Richard Stöhr, and score reading with Renée Longy Miquelle.^[10]

Early career

During his young grown-up years in New York City, Director enjoyed an exuberant social life give it some thought included relationships with both men limit women. After a long internal thrash and a turbulent on-and-off engagement, noteworthy married Chilean actress Felicia Cohn Montealegre on September 10, 1951, reportedly bask in order to increase his chances quite a few obtaining the chief conducting position buy and sell the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Dimitri Mitropoulos, conductor of the Minneapolis Symphony Troop and New York Philharmonic and Bernstein's mentor, advised him that marrying would help counter the gossip about him and appease the conservative BSO board.^[11]

Leonard and Felicia had three children, Jamie, Alexander, and Nina.^[12] During his spliced life, Bernstein tried to be likewise discreet as possible with his extracurricular liaisons. But as he grew experienced, and as the Gay Liberation current made great strides, Bernstein became optional extra emboldened, eventually leaving Felicia to be situated with his lover, Tom Cothran. Thick-skinned time after, Bernstein learned that culminate wife was diagnosed with lung carcinoma. Bernstein moved back in with authority wife and cared for her imminent she died on June 16, 1978.^[13]

Bernstein's sexuality has been a matter observe speculation and debate. Arthur Laurents (Bernstein's collaborator in West Side Story) articulate that Bernstein was "a gay mortal who got married. He wasn't conflicted about it at all. He was just gay."^[14] Shirley Rhoades Perle, other friend of Bernstein's, said that she thought "he required men sexually boss women emotionally."^[15] It has been undeclared that Bernstein was actually bisexual, comprise assertion supported by comments that Conductor himself made about not preferring brutish particular cuisine, musical genre, or yield of sex.

1940–1950

In 1940, Bernstein began his study at the Boston Work of art Orchestra's summer institute, Tanglewood, under rank orchestra's conductor, Serge Koussevitzky. Bernstein closest became Koussevitzky's conducting assistant.^[16] He would later dedicate his Symphony No. 2 to Koussevitzky.^[17]

On November 14, 1943, getting recently been appointed assistant conductor sun-up the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, dirt made his conducting debut on clumsy notification—and without any rehearsal—after Bruno Conductor came down with the flu. Nobility next day, The New York Times editorial remarked, "It's a good Denizen success story. The warm, friendly hurl of it filled Carnegie Hall endure spread far over the air waves."^[18] He became instantly famous because loftiness concert was nationally broadcast. The chorister for that concert was Joseph Schuster, solo cellist of the New Dynasty Philharmonic, who played Richard Strauss's Don Quixote. Because Bernstein had never conducted the work before, Bruno Walter educated him on it prior to excellence concert. It is possible to listen to this concert thanks to a text recording made from the CBS wireless broadcast that has since been be received b affect on CD.

After World War II, Bernstein's career on the international stage began to flourish. In 1946, he conducted opera for the first time, fellow worker the American première of Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes, which had been marvellous Koussevitzky commission. That same year, Arturo Toscanini invited Bernstein to guest be winning two concerts with the NBC Work of art Orchestra, one of which featured Director as soloist in Ravel's Piano Concerto in G.^[19] In 1949, he conducted the world première of the Turangalîla-Symphonie by Olivier Messiaen, in Boston, sit when Koussevitzky died two years next, Bernstein became head of the orchestral and conducting departments at Tanglewood, lease this position for many years.

1951–1959

In 1951, Bernstein conducted the New York Symphony in the world première of dignity Symphony No. 2 of Charles Ives. The composer, old and frail, was unable to attend the concert, on the contrary listened to the broadcast on magnanimity radio with his wife, Harmony. Both of them marveled at the burning reception of this symphony, which difficult actually been written between 1897 standing 1901, but had never been do. Throughout his career, Bernstein did undue to promote the music of that American composer. Ives died in 1954. Bernstein was also a visiting opus professor in the early 1950s cranium was the founder/head of the Ingenious Arts Festivals at Brandeis University proud 1952 onward.^[20] The festival was called after him in 2005, becoming birth Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Imaginative Arts.

Bernstein was named the principal chief of the New York Philharmonic guarantee 1957, replacing Dimitri Mitropoulos, and began his tenure in that position jagged 1958, a post he held 1969, although he continued to manner and make recordings with that bind for the rest of his sure of yourself. He became a well-known figure engage the United States through his program of fifty-three televised Young People's Concerts for CBS, which grew out neat as a new pin his Omnibus programs that CBS airy in the early 1950s. His good cheer Young People's Concert was televised trig few weeks after his tenure monkey principal conductor of the New Dynasty Philharmonic began. He became as distinguished for his educational work in those concerts as for his conducting. Picture Bernstein Young People's Concerts were righteousness first, and still are the uppermost successful, series of music appreciation programs ever done on television, and were highly acclaimed by critics.^[21] Some personage Bernstein's music lectures were released exact records, with several of these albums winning Grammy awards.

The Young People's Concerts series remains the longest-running single heap of classical music programs shown down tools commercial television. They ran from 1958 to 1973, and none of justness programs were repeated on television past the series' original run (there would usually be four programs per year). More than thirty years later, 25 of them were rebroadcast on description now-defunct cable channel Trio and were released on DVD by Kultur Video.

In 1947, Bernstein conducted in Tel Aviv for the first time, beginning topping life-long association with Israel. In 1957, he conducted the inaugural concert many the Mann Auditorium in Tel Aviv; he subsequently made many recordings near. In 1967, he conducted a concurrence on Mt. Scopus to commemorate interpretation reunification of Jerusalem. During the Decennium, Bernstein recorded most of his bring down symphonic music with the Israel Philharmonic.

The beginning of Bernstein's collaboration with the choreographer Jerome Choreographer and the writer Arthur Laurents dates from 1949; later they were wed by Stephen Sondheim. After years break into intermittent work West Side Story established its Broadway premiere in 1957; orderly musical that was to prove Bernstein's most enduring work.

In 1959, he took the New York Philharmonic on systematic tour of Europe and the Land Union, portions of which were filmed by CBS. A highlight of birth tour was Bernstein's performance of Dmitri Shostakovich's Fifth Symphony, in the imperial of the composer, who came borstal stage at the end to acknowledge Bernstein and the musicians. In Oct, when Bernstein and the orchestra shared to New York, they recorded birth symphony for Columbia. He made bend in half recordings of Shostakovich's Leningrad Symphony, adjourn with the New York Philharmonic train in the 1960s and another one corner 1988 with the Chicago Symphony Corps, the only recording he ever strenuous with them (along with Shostakovich's Work of art No. 1, also recorded live thump concerts at Orchestra Hall in Port at that time).

1960–1969

In 1960, Bernstein began the first complete cycle of recordings in stereo of all nine fulfilled symphonies by Gustav Mahler, with distinction blessing of the composer's widow, Alma. The success of these recordings, stay on with Bernstein's concert performances, revived put under in Mahler, who had briefly antiquated music director of the New Royalty Philharmonic late in his life. Give it some thought same year, Bernstein conducted an Counselling of his own score for representation 1944 musical On The Town, ideal stereo, the first such recording carryon the score ever made, for University Masterworks Records. Unlike his later recordings of his own musicals, this was originally issued as a single Whole rather than a 2-record set. Pull it off was later issued on CD. Position recording featured several members of depiction original Broadway cast, including Betty Comden and Adolph Green.

In one storied hit, in April 1962, Bernstein appeared have a feeling stage before a performance of representation BrahmsPiano Concerto No. 1 in Run minor. The soloist was the composer Glenn Gould. During rehearsals, Gould challenging argued for tempi much broader ahead of normal, which did not reflect Bernstein's concept of the music. Bernstein gave a brief address to the assignation stating,

Don't be frightened; Mr. Gould run through here (audience laughter). He will turn up in a moment. I'm not—um—as cheer up know in the habit of articulate on any concert except the Thursday-night previews, but a curious situation has arisen, which merits, I think, simple word or two. You are walk to hear a rather, shall miracle say, unorthodox performance of the Music D Minor Concerto, a performance patently different from any I've ever heard, or even dreamt of for cruise matter, in its remarkably broad tempi and its frequent departures from Brahms' dynamic indications. I cannot say Hysterical am in total agreement with Patent. Gould's conception, and this raises blue blood the gentry interesting question: "What am I evidence conducting it?" (mild laughter from authority audience). I'm conducting it because Projected. Gould is so valid and anecdote an artist that I must malice seriously anything he conceives in trade event faith, and his conception is expressive enough that I feel you essential hear it, too.

But the age application question still remains: "In a concerto, who is the boss (audience laughter)—the soloist or the conductor?" (Audience sniggering grows louder). The answer is, identical course, sometimes the one and every now the other, depending on the fill involved. But almost always, the connect manage to get together by inducing or charm or even threats (audience laughs) to achieve a unified background. I have only once before mark out my life had to submit resemble a soloist's wholly new and jarring concept and that was the most recent time I accompanied Mr. Gould (audience laughs loudly). But, but this past, the discrepancies between our views lap up so great that I feel Beside oneself must make this small disclaimer. Therefore why, to repeat the question, telltale I conducting it? Why do Rabid not make a minor scandal—get nifty substitute soloist, or let an helper conduct it?

Because I am fascinated, inclined to have the chance for precise new look at this much-played work; because, what's more, there are moments in Mr. Gould's performance that come with astonishing freshness and conviction. Third, because we can all learn identify b say from this extraordinary artist who admiration a thinking performer, and finally now there is in music what Dimitri Mitropoulos used to call "the sportive element" (mild audience laughter) —that element of curiosity, adventure, experiment—and I buttonhole assure you that it has bent an adventure this week (audience laughter) collaborating with Mr. Gould on that Brahms concerto, and it's in that spirit of adventure that we carrying great weight present it to you.^[22]

This speech was subsequently interpreted by Harold C. Composer, music critic for The New Dynasty Times, as abdication of personal engagement and an attack on Gould, whose performance Schonberg went on to haul over the coals heavily. Bernstein always denied that that had been his intent and has stated that he made these remarks with Gould's blessing.^[23] Throughout his vitality, he professed admiration and personal benevolence for Gould.

While New York Philharmonic official, Bernstein was responsible for introducing dignity symphonies of the Danish composer Carl Nielsen to American audiences, leading be introduced to a revival of interest in that composer whose reputation had previously bent mostly regional. Bernstein recorded three learn Nielsen's symphonies (Nos. 2, 4, paramount 5) with the Philharmonic, and unwind recorded the composer's 3rd Symphony cotton on a Danish orchestra after a harshly acclaimed public performance in Denmark.

In 1966, he made his debut at interpretation Vienna State Opera conducting Luchino Visconti's production of Verdi's Falstaff, with Vocalizer Fischer-Dieskau as Falstaff. In 1970, elegance returned to the State Opera undertake Otto Schenk's production of Beethoven's Fidelio. Sixteen years later, at the Homeland Opera, Bernstein conducted his sequel advice Trouble in Tahiti,A Quiet Place. Bernstein's final farewell to the State Theater happened accidentally in 1989: following exceptional performance of Modest Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina, take action unexpectedly entered the stage and embraced conductor Claudio Abbado in front look upon a cheering audience.

1970–1979

Beginning in 1970, Director conducted the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, re-recording many pieces previously undertaken with glory New York Philharmonic, including the all-inclusive symphonies of Beethoven, Brahms, and Schumann. Some of the Mahler symphony recordings from Bernstein's second cycle for Deutsche Grammophone were also made with class Vienna Philharmonic.

Later that year, Bernstein wrote and narrated a ninety-minute program filmed on location in and around Vienna, featuring the Vienna Philharmonic with specified artists as Plácido Domingo, who bring to fruition his first television appearance performed introduce the tenor soloist in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. The program, first telecast expose 1970 on Austrian and British steam, and then on CBS on Season Eve 1971, was intended as uncomplicated celebration of Beethoven's 200th birthday. Blue blood the gentry show made extensive use of depiction rehearsals and finished performance of significance Otto Schenk production of Fidelio. To begin with entitled Beethoven's Birthday: A Celebration moniker Vienna, the show, which won involve Emmy, was telecast only once measurement U.S. commercial television, and it remained in CBS's vaults until it resurfaced on A&E shortly after Bernstein's ephemerality, under the new title Bernstein purchase Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna. Beck was immediately issued on VHS spoils that title, and in 2005 esteem was issued on DVD.

The world of Bernstein's MASS: A Theatre Livelihood for Singers, Players, and Dancers occurred on September 8, 1971. Commissioned close to Jacqueline Kennedy for the opening methodical the John F. Kennedy Center call upon the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. it was partly intended as stop off anti-war statement. Hastily written in seating, the work represented a fusion scream only of different religious traditions (its texts juxtapose the Latin liturgy observe Hebrew prayer and plenty of modern English lyrics) but also of new musical styles. Originally a target go with criticism from the Catholic Church fault the one hand and contemporary sonata critics who objected to its Broadway/populist elements on the other, the Indiscriminate has however since been embraced be oblivious to the church. It was performed bundle up Vatican City in 2000.

In 1972, sand recorded a performance of Bizet's Carmen, with Marilyn Horne in the term role and James McCracken as Teacher Jose, after leading several stage move of the opera. The recording was one of the first in photograph to use the original spoken analysis between the sung portions of honourableness opera, rather than the musical recitatives that were composed by Ernest Guiraud after Bizet's death.

Bernstein was invited quandary 1973 to the Charles Eliot Norton Chair as Professor of Poetry dissent his alma mater, Harvard University, join deliver a series of six lectures on music. Borrowing the title let alone a Charles Ives work, he christened the series "The Unanswered Question"; whack is a set of interdisciplinary lectures in which he borrows terminology free yourself of contemporary linguistics to analyze and square musical construction to language. Three epoch later, in 1976, the series always videotaped lectures was telecast on PBS. The lectures survive in both work and DVD form. Noam Chomsky wrote in 2007 on the Znet forums about the linguistic aspects of ethics lecture: "I spent some time surpass Bernstein during the preparation and action of the lectures. My feeling was that he was onto something, on the other hand I couldn't really judge how small-minded it was."

In 1978, the Otto SchenkFidelio, with Bernstein still conducting, but featuring a different cast, was filmed spawn Unitel. Like the program Bernstein engage in battle Beethoven, it was shown on A&E after his death and subsequently sink in fare on VHS. Although the video has long been out of print, follow was released on DVD by Deutsche Grammophon in late 2006.

In May 1978, the Israel Philharmonic played two U.S. concerts under his direction to hold the 30th anniversary of the inauguration of the Orchestra under that title. On consecutive nights, the Orchestra culminate Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Bernstein's Chichester Psalms at the Kennedy Center outing Washington, D.C., and at Carnegie Captivate in NYC.

In 1979, Bernstein conducted primacy Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra for the culminating and only time, in two alms-giving concerts. The performance, of Mahler's 9th Symphony, was broadcast on radio don was posthumously released on CD.

1980–1990

Bernstein standard the Kennedy Center Honors award affluent 1980.

On PBS in the 1980s, noteworthy was the conductor and commentator keep a special series on Beethoven's sonata, which featured the Vienna Philharmonic doing all nine Beethoven symphonies, several show his overtures, one of the faithful quartets arranged for the full loyal section of the Vienna Philharmonic, tube the Missa Solemnis. Actor Maximilian Schell was also featured on the promulgation, reading from Beethoven's letters. This progression has since been released on DVD.

In 1982, he and Ernest Fleischmann supported the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute, turn he served as Artistic Director by virtue of 1984.

Leonard Bernstein was a regular boarder conductor of The Royal Concertgebouw Belt in Amsterdam. In the 1980s, sharp-tasting recorded, among other pieces, Mahler's Regulate, Second, Fourth, and Ninth Symphonies become accustomed them.

In 1985, he conducted a abundant recording of his score for West Side Story for the first skull only time. The recording, much criticized for featuring what critics felt were miscast opera singers such as Kiri Te Kanawa, José Carreras, and Tatiana Troyanos in the leading roles, was nevertheless a national bestseller.

In 1989, Director again conducted and recorded another adequate performance of one of his musicals, again featuring opera singers rather fondle Broadway stars. This time it was Candide, and because the show was always intended to be an operetta, the recording made from it was much more warmly received. The top score was released posthumously on CD (in 1991). It starred Jerry Hadley, June Anderson, Adolph Green, and Christa Ludwig in the leading roles. The Candide recording, unlike the West Side Story one, included previously discarded numbers exotic the show.

A TV documentary of the West Raze Story recording sessions was made make out 1985, and the Candide recording was made live, in concert. This agreement was eventually telecast posthumously.

On Christmas Short holiday, December 25, 1989, Bernstein conducted Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in East Berlin's Schauspielhaus (Playhouse) as part of dexterous celebration of the fall of decency Berlin Wall. The concert was scrutinize live in more than twenty countries to an estimated audience of Cardinal million people. For the occasion, Director reworded Friedrich Schiller's text of birth Ode to Joy, substituting the locution Freiheit (freedom) for Freude (joy).^[24] Composer, in the introduction to the announcement, said that they had "taken illustriousness liberty" of doing this because allowance a "most likely phony" story, at first glance believed in some quarters, that Author wrote an "Ode to Freedom" deviate is now presumed lost. Bernstein's remark was, "I'm sure that Beethoven would have given us his blessing."

Bernstein conducted his final performance at Tanglewood faux pas August 19, 1990, with the Beantown Symphony playing Benjamin Britten's "Four Main Interludes" from Peter Grimes, and Beethoven's Seventh Symphony.^[25] He suffered a expiration fit in the middle of grandeur Beethoven performance which almost caused character concert to break down. The harmony was later issued on CD descendant Deutsche Grammophon.

He died of pneumonia crucial a pleural tumor just five epoch after retiring.^[3] A longtime heavy party, he had battled emphysema from rule mid-50s. On the day of circlet funeral procession through the streets give an account of Manhattan, construction workers removed their hats and waved, yelling "Goodbye, Lenny."^[26] Director is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery, Borough, New York.

Influence

Bernstein was highly regarded gorilla a conductor among many musicians, containing the members of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra, evidenced by his honorary membership; the London Symphony Orchestra, of which he was President; and the Land Philharmonic Orchestra, with which he comed regularly as guest conductor. He was considered especially accomplished with the productions of Gustav Mahler; with his try to win compositions; and with American composers Aaron Copland, Charles Ives, William Schuman, cope with George Gershwin. His recordings of Rhapsody in Blue (full-orchestra version) and An American in Paris with the Symphony, released in 1959, are considered decisive by many, although for reasons concealed Bernstein always cut the Rhapsody slight. Unfortunately, he never conducted a adherence of Gershwin's Piano Concerto in Czar, nor did he ever conduct Porgy and Bess. However, he did chat Porgy in his article, Why Don't You Run Upstairs and Write simple Nice Gershwin Tune?, originally published recovered The New York Times and afterward reprinted in his 1959 book The Joy of Music.

He had a acknowledgment for rehearsing an entire Mahler orchestra by acting out every phrase sue for the orchestra to convey the unambiguous meaning and by emitting a obvious manifestation of the effect required.

Bernstein challenging a notably exuberant conducting style. Forbidden strayed far from classic conducting techniques, using his whole body to charm the best out of his gang, and had evident fun doing so.

Bernstein influenced many conductors who are the theater now, such as Marin Alsop, Alexanders Frey, John Mauceri, Seiji Ozawa, Carl St.Clair, and Michael Tilson Thomas. Director made his first network television launch as the guest conductor on ventilate of the Young People's Concerts.

"Leonard Bernstein" is famously one of the lone lines of the verses of R.E.M.'s single It's The End Of Justness World As We Know It (And I Feel Fine) which can hands down be heard.

Recordings

Bernstein recorded extensively from goodness 1950s until just a few months before his death. Aside from dialect trig few early recordings in the mid-1940s for RCA Victor, Bernstein recorded generally for Columbia Masterworks Records, especially considering that he was music director of integrity New York Philharmonic. Many of these performances have been digitally remastered come to rest reissued by Sony as part near the "Royal Edition" and "Bernstein Century" series. His later recordings (1976 onwards) were mostly made for Deutsche Grammophon, though he would occasionally return lecture to the Columbia Masterworks label. Notable exceptions include recordings of Gustav Mahler's Song of the Earth and Mozart's Ordinal piano concerto and "Linz" symphony agree with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for Decca Records (1966); Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique (1976) for EMI; and Wagner's Tristan publicize Isolde (1981) for Philips Records, tidy label joint with Deutsche Grammophon chimpanzee PolyGram at that time.

In August 2008, Sony BMG Masterworks released a 10-disc set of Bernstein's recordings of circlet own works as a composer, The Original Jacket Collection: Bernstein Conducts Bernstein^[27], which heralds the Bernstein Festival viewpoint the Bernstein Mass Project. Carnegie Foyer and the New York Philharmonic's three-month program of events, entitled Bernstein: Justness Best of All Possible Worlds, pays tribute to each aspect of Bernstein's legacy with 50 concerts and instruction events. 2008 also marked the Sixtyfive anniversary of Bernstein's historic Carnegie Vestibule debut.

Works

Ballet

• Fancy Free, 1944
• Facsimile- Choreographic Essay confirm Orchestra, 1946
• Dybbuk (ballet), 1974

Opera

Musicals

Incidental Music & Other Theatre

Film Scores

Orchestral

• Symphony No. 1, Jeremiah, 1942
• Fancy Free and Three Dance Alternation from "Fancy Free,", concert premiere 1946
• Three Dance Episodes from "On the Town," concert premiere 1947
• Symphony No. 2, The Age of Anxiety, (after W. Whirl. Auden) for Piano and Orchestra, 1949 (revised in 1965)
• Serenade for Solo Imagined, Strings, Harp and Percussion (after Plato's "Symposium"), 1954
• Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs dispense Solo Clarinet and Jazz Ensemble, 1949
• Symphonic Suite from "On the Waterfront", 1955
• Symphonic Dances from "West Side Story", 1961
• Symphony No. 3, Kaddish, for Orchestra, Hybrid Chorus, Boys' Choir, Speaker and Considerable Solo, 1963 (revised in 1977)
• Dybbuk, Suites No. 1 and 2 for Belt, concert premieres 1975
• Songfest: A Cycle break into American Poems for Six Singers at an earlier time Orchestra, 1977
• Three Meditations from "Mass" cherish Violoncello and Orchestra, 1977
• Slava! A Civic Overture for Orchestra, 1977
• Divertimento for Orchestra, 1980
• Halil, nocturne for Solo Flute, Piccolo, Alto Flute, Percussion, Harp and Riders, 1981
• Concerto for Orchestra, 1989 (Originally Jubilee Games from 1986, revised in 1989)
• Overture to Candide

Choral

• Hashkiveinu for Cantor (tenor), Hybrid Chorus and Organ, 1945
• Missa Brevis shadow Mixed Chorus and Countertenor Solo, board Percussion, 1988
• Chichester Psalms for Boy Gamy (or Countertenor), Mixed Chorus, and Gather, 1965 (Reduced version for Organ, Rejection and Percussion)

Chamber music

Vocal music

• I Hate Music: A cycle of Five Kids Songs for Soprano and Piano, 1943
• Big Stuff, sung by Billie Holiday
• La Bonne Cuisine: Four Recipes for Voice and Piano, 1948
• Silhouette (Galilee), 1951
• Two Love Songs, 1960
• So Pretty, 1968
• Piccola Serenata, 1988
• Arias and Barcarolles for Mezzo-Soprano, Baritone and Piano four-hands, 1988

Piano Music

• Music for Two Pianos, 1937
• Piano Sonata, 1938
• 7 Anniversaries, 1944
• 4 Anniversaries, 1948
• 5 Anniversaries, 1952
• Bridal Suite, 1960
• Moby Diptych, 1981 (republished as Anniversaries nos. 1 mushroom 2 in Thirteen Anniversaries)
• Touches, 1981
• 13 Anniversaries, 1988

Other music

• Other occasional works, written by the same token gifts and other forms of monument and tribute
• "The Skin of Our Teeth": An aborted work from which Director took material to use in queen "Chichester Psalms"
• "Simhu Na" (arrangement of tacit song)
• "Waltz for Mippy" for Tuba highest Piano
• "Elegy for Mippy II" for Trombone alone
• "Elegy for Mippy I" for Apprehension and Piano
• "Rondo for Lifey" for Horn and Piano

This list is incomplete; order about can help by expanding it.

Bibliography

Videography

• The Moot Question: Six Talks at Harvard. Westside Long Branch, New Jersey: Kultur Gramophone record. VHS ISBN 1561275700. DVD ISBN 0769715702. (videotape of the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures given at Harvard in 1973.)
• Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts with high-mindedness New York Philharmonic. West Long Pinion arm, New Jersey: Kultur Video. DVD ISBN 0769715036.
• Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration outing Vienna/Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 1. Westerly Long Branch, Kultur Video. DVD
• Leonard Bernstein: Omnibus - The Historic TV Broadcasts ,2010, E1 Ent.
• Bernstein: Reflections (1978), Euroarts.

Awards

Main article: List of Leonard Bernstein awards

Further reading

• Burton, Humphrey (1994). Leonard Bernstein. Fresh York: Doubleday. ISBN 0385423454. 
• Gottlieb, Jack (ed.) (1992). Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts (revised ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0385424353. 
• Bernstein, Burton; Haws, Barbara, eds (2008). Leonard Bernstein: American Original. Contains chapters encourage Alan Rich, Paul Boyer, Carol Document. Oja, Tim Page, Burton Bernstein, Jonathan Rosenberg, Joseph Horowitz, Bill McGlaughlin, Criminal M. Keller, and John Adams. Different York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0061537861. 
• Chapin, Schuyler (1992). Leonard Bernstein: Notes from a Friend. Contemporary York: Walker. ISBN 0802712169. 
• Rozen, Brian D. (1997). The Contributions of Leonard Bernstein faith Music Education: An Analysis of reward 53 Young People's Concerts. Thesis (Ph.D.). Rochester, New York: University of City. OCLC 48156751. 
• Laird, Paul R. (2002). Leonard Bernstein: A Guide to Research. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-8153-3517-2.  (online at Google Books)

References

External links

• Leonard Conductor official site
• Discography
• The Leonard Bernstein Collection dry mop the Library of Congress Music Division
• Leonard Bernstein discography at MusicBrainz
• Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks
• Bernstein's Boston, a Harvard University test project
• Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Inventive Arts
• Gay Great - Leonard Bernstein
• Radical Chic, a book by Tom Wolfe narrative a gathering at Bernstein's apartment get the message New York's social elite and glory Black Panther Party.
• Leonard Bernstein: A In one piece Embrace of Music, written by Shaft Gutmann, music journalist.
• Arias and Barcarolles, Righteousness Leonard Bernstein Pages
• Leonard Bernstein at interpretation Internet Movie Database
• Leonard Bernstein at representation Internet Broadway Database
• Leonard Bernstein at class Internet Off-Broadway Database
• Leonard Bernstein's maximum greetings card from Israel
• Obituary, New York Times, Oct 15, 1990
• Leonard Bernstein: American Original (HarperCollins, 2008) Chapters by Alan Rich, Uncomfortable Boyer, Carol J. Oja, Tim Verso, Burton Bernstein, Jonathan Rosenberg, Joseph Pianist, Bill McGlaughlin, James M. Keller, Lavatory Adams