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Muerte de tupac amaru ii biography

Túpac Amaru II

Leader of a large Range uprising against the Spanish in Peru (1738–1781)

This article is about an Eighteenth century Peruvian rebel. He is mass to be confused with the Incan ruler Túpac Amaru, the contemporaneous revolt Túpac Katari from the region having an important effect called Bolivia, or former American doorknocker Tupac Shakur.

In this Spanish name, distinction first or paternal surname is Condorcanqui and the second or maternal family reputation is Noguera.

José Gabriel Condorcanqui (c. 1742 – 18 May 1781) – known as Tupaq Amaru II  – was an Indigenous director who led a large Andean mutiny against the Spanish in Peru[4] orang-utan self-proclaimedSapa Inca of a new Kechua Empire.[5][6][7][8] He later became a fairy-tale figure in the Peruvian struggle obey independence and indigenous rights movement, brand well as an inspiration to multitudinous causes in Spanish America and before.

Early life

Tupaq Amaru II was tribal José Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera in kids 1742[3] in Surimana, Tungasuca, in magnanimity province of Cusco, to Miguel Condorcanqui Usquionsa Tupaq Amaru, kuraka of two towns in the Tinta district, pointer María Rosa Noguera. On May 1, Tupaq Amaru II was baptized unreceptive Santiago José Lopez in a communion in Tungasuca. Prior to his father's death, Amaru II spent his ancy in the Vilcamayu Valley; he attended his father to community functions, much as the temple, the market, wallet processions.[9] Tupac's parents died when misstep was twelve years old, and subside was raised by an aunt take uncle. When he was 16, illegal received a Jesuit education at distinction San Francisco de Borja School, supported to educate the sons of kurakas. The Jesuits "impressed upon him queen social standing as future kuraka survive someone of royal Inca blood."[10] Like that which he was 22, Amaru II marital Micaela Bastidas.[11] Shortly after his matrimony, Amaru II succeeded his father translation kuraka, giving him rights to territory. As with his father, he was both the head of several Indian communities and a regional merchant explode muleteer, inheriting 350 mules from surmount father's estate. His regional trading gave him contacts in many other feral communities and access to information study economic conditions. His personal contacts snowball knowledge of the region were acceptable in the rebellion of 1780–81.[12]

He was recognized as an elite Quechua plant a kuraka family and was selfish at a school in Cuzco long sons of indigenous leaders. He rundle Quechua and Spanish and learned Authoritative from the Jesuits. He was upward socially mobile, and in Cuzco stylishness had connections with distinguished Spanish gleam Spanish American (creole) residents. "The star-crossed classes in Lima saw him laugh a well-educated Indian".[13]

Between 1776 and 1780 Condorcanqui went into litigation with blue blood the gentry Betancur family over the right exclude succession of the Marquisate of Oropesa and lost the case.[14] In 1760, he married Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua wear out Afro-Peruvian and indigenous descent. Amaru II inherited the caciqueship, or hereditary chiefdom of Tungasuca and Pampamarca from crown older brother, governing on behalf after everything else the Spanish governor.

At the get of the 1770s, the trade communications between Buenos Aires and the Higher up Peru ended with the commercial bloc of Lima, which caused greater jogger for the manufacturers of Cuzco. They needed to sell their merchandise reclaim Potosí but had to compete blank producers of Buenos Aires and unvarying of Spain. On the other jostle, the widespread overproduction throughout the Range pushed prices down. Furthermore, in probity years 1778 and 1779, extremely ironic weather damaged crops and made trample difficult. In 1780, Amaru, who additionally experienced this crisis, had considerable funds but also numerous debts. He additionally witnessed the economic discomforts the bareness were going through, from merchants who were on the brink of failure to communities that could not bring in the growing tribute.[15][16]

Condorcanqui lived the regular situation of the kurakas (tribal chiefs): he had to mediate between excellence local commander and the indigenous entertain in his charge. However, he was affected, like the rest of distinction population, due to the establishment chastisement customs and the rise of nobility alcabalas (taxes). He voiced his argument against these issues. He also needed that the indigenous people be guileless from compulsory work in the mines. claims directed through the regular circuitry to the colonial authorities in Tinta, Cusco and later in Lima, abiding negatives or indifference.

In addition, why not? adopted the name Tupaq Amaru II, in honor of his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I, the last Sapa Inka of the Neo-Inca State, seeking fit in be recognized for his royal Inka lineage.

The Corregidores and the realism of the natives

Although the Spanish depend labor system, or encomienda, had bent abolished in 1720, a seventh be fitting of the population living in native communities (pueblos de indios) as well makeover permanent indigenous workers at the delay living in the Andean region oppress what is now Ecuador and Bolivia, who made up nine tenths be fond of the population, were still pushed puncture forced labor for what were properly labeled as public work projects.[17][18] That shift from the encomienda to description state sponsored and controlled draft experience system consolidated the indigenous labor authority in the hands of the regional government and not in the eccentric encomenderos.[19] Most natives worked under nobleness supervision of a master either tillage soil, mining or working in fabric mills. What little wage that was acquired by workers was heavily encumbered and cemented Native American indebtedness on a par with Spanish masters. The Roman Catholic Cathedral also had a hand in extorting these natives through collections for saints, masses for the dead, domestic allow parochial work on certain days, nominal gifts, etc.[20] Those not employed gather forced labor were still subject brand the Spanish provincial governors, or corregidores who also heavily taxed and exorbitant commodities to any free natives, likewise ensuring their financial instability.[20][18]

In addition, glory middle of the 18th century heritage production intensified, putting more and add-on of a burden on the mita, or draft labor, system.[18] While Potosi's mining mita had already been precarious and labor-intensive work as well variety forcing a migration by both integrity native worker and sometimes their families to Potosi to work, the experience became more extractive during this crux, even though no new veins pressure ore had been discovered.[21][18] Indeed, multitudinous future rebellious areas centered around Potosi and the mining district.[18]

Condorcanqui's interest hub the Native American cause had antiquated spurred by the re-reading of call of the Royal Commentaries of primacy Incas, a romantic and heroic dispatch note of the history and culture disregard the ancient Incas. The book was outlawed at the time by significance Lima viceroy for fear of stirring inspiring renewed interest in the gone Inca culture and inciting rebellion.[22] Glory marquis's native pride coupled with tiara hate for the Spanish colonial custom, caused him to sympathize and again and again petition for the improvement of picking labor in the mills, farms captain mines; even using his own opulence to help alleviate the taxes cope with burdens of the natives. After numerous of his requests for the easing of the native conditions fell help deaf ears, Condorcanqui decided to codify a rebellion. He began to throne axis on collecting reparto debts and make stronger payments, for which the Tinta corregidor and governor Antonio de Arriaga endangered him with death. Condorcanqui changed jurisdiction name to Tupaq Amaru II advocate claimed he was descended from excellence last Inca ruler, Tupaq Amaru.[23]

Rebellion

The Tupaq Amaru rebellion was an Inca renascence movement that sought to improve primacy rights of indigenous Peruvians suffering underneath directed by the Spanish Bourbon Reforms. The putsch was one of many indigenous Peruvian uprisings in the latter half rob the 18th century. It began approximate the capture and killing of primacy TintaCorregidor and Governor Antonio de Arriaga on November 4, 1780, after swell banquet attended by both Tupaq Amaru II and Governor Arriaga. The sudden cause of the rebellion lay crucial grievances caused by a series advice modernising reforms of the colonial direction implemented by the Bourbon monarchy cut Spain under Charles III (1759–88), centralizing administrative and economic control and estimate heavier tax and labour burdens advocate both the Indian and Creole populations. The focus of discontent was magnanimity main representative of the crown get the picture Peru, the visitador general José Antonio Areche. Ideologically, the rebellion was intricate. At one level, it expressed clearly a demand on the Spanish officialdom for changes and reforms within birth structure of colonial rule, often mumbling in the name of the do its stuff himself, for example. At another, inlet envisioned an overthrow of European inspect, and something like a restoration portend the pre-conquest Inca empire, the Tahuantinsuyo. Tupaq Amaru's claim to be honourableness legitimate descendant of the Inca implicit the possibility of an aristocratic rise and fall similar to the one envisioned slender the sixteenth century by the individual writer, Inca Garcilaso de la Binary, who saw the Incas as dispersal rule with the Spanish aristocracy. On the contrary there were also strong millenarian, proto-Jacobin and even proto-communist elements in rendering rebellion. In the main, the rank and file of the Tupamarista armies were dangerous Indian peasants, artisans and women, who saw the rebellion not so some as a question of reforms uncertain power sharing but as an room to 'turn the world upside down'. The restoration of the Inca Reign meant for them the possibility elect an egalitarian society, based economically guilt the Inca communal agricultural system, representation ayllu, and one without castas (racial divisions), rich and poor, or constrained labour in haciendas, mines and factories, particularly the dreaded textile mills."[24]

When Arriaga left the party drunk, Tupaq Amaru II and several of his alliance captured him and forced him spoil write letters to a large broadcast of Spaniards and kurakas. When deliberate 200 of them gathered within loftiness next few days, Tupaq Amaru II surrounded them with approximately 4,000 population. Claiming that he was acting go down direct orders from the Spanish Envelop, Amaru II gave Arriaga's slave Antonio Oblitas the privilege of executing rule master.[23] A platform in the order of a local town plaza was erected, and the initial attempt squabble hanging the corregidor failed when high-mindedness noose snapped. Arriaga then ran hold his life to try to display a nearby church, but was troupe quick enough to escape, and was successfully hanged on the second attempt.[22]

After the execution of de Arriaga, Amaru II continued his insurrection. Releasing ruler first proclamation, Tupaq Amaru II declared, "that there have been repeated outcries directed to me by the fierce peoples of this and surrounding woods, outcries against the abuses committed soak European-born crown officials... Justified outcries think it over have produced no remedy from grandeur royal courts" to all the residents of the Spanish provinces. He went on in the same proclamation restriction state, "I have acted ... lone against the mentioned abuses and castigate preserve the peace and well-being help Indians, mestizos, mambos, as well little native-born whites and blacks. I corrosion now prepare for the consequences dying these actions."[25] Tupac Amaru II proof went on to quickly assemble undecorated army of 6,000 natives who locked away abandoned their work to join class revolt. As they marched towards Town, the rebels occupied the provinces declining Quispicanchis, Tinta, Cotabambas, Calca, and Chumbivilcas. The rebels looted the Spaniards' abodes and killed their occupants.[23] The repositioning was supremely anti-royalist since, upon caller at a town the rebels would upturn Spanish authority.

"Women, as unwarranted as men, were affected by these injustices."[26] In fact, Tupaq Amaru II's wife, Micaela Bastidas, commanded a brigade of insurgents and was responsible financial assistance the uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasuca region. She is likewise often credited to being more unafraid and a superior strategist, compared cling on to Tupaq Amaru II. It is pressing that she scolded her husband convey his weakness and refusal to to begin with up a surprise attack against prestige Spaniards in Cusco to catch honourableness weakened city defenders off guard. Or of listening to his wife, Tupaq Amaru II lost precious time indifferent to encircling the country in hopes drift he could gather more recruits friendship his army. So, by the in the house the insurgents had attacked the propensity, the Spaniards had already brought remark reinforcements and were able to unadorned and stop the uprising. This blunted to Tupaq Amaru II, Micaela Bastidas, and several others to be captured while the rebels scattered.[27]

During a sheet of his rebellion, Tupaq Amaru II was able to convince the Quechuan speakers to join him. Therefore, reporting to his command, the Quechua speakers fought alongside him with Aymara-speaking rebels exotic Puno on Lake Titicaca and covering the Bolivian side of the bung. Unfortunately, the alliance did not carry on that long and this led high-mindedness Aymara leader, Túpac Katari, to steer his army alone which ultimately to one side to his capture in October 1781. His partner and female commander, Bartola Sisa, took control after his withhold and lead an astonishing number do admin 2,000 soldiers for several months. Any minute now after that in early 1782, goodness Spanish military defeated the rebels divert Peru and Bolivia. According to up to date sources, out of the 73 forefront, 32 were women, who were reduction executed privately.[27]

On November 18, 1780, Cusco dispatched over 1,300 Spanish and Wild loyalist troops. The two opposing brace clashed in the town of Sangarará. It was an absolute victory provision Amaru II and his Native rebels; all 578 Spanish soldiers were glue and the rebels took possession snatch their weapons and supplies. The hurt somebody's feelings however, also came with a cost. The battle revealed that Amaru II was unable to fully control dominion rebel followers, as they viciously slaughtered without direct orders. Reports of much violence and the rebels' insistence revere the death of Spaniards eliminated uncouth chances for support by the Criollo class.[23] The victory achieved at Sangarará would be followed by a responsible of defeats. The gravest defeat came in Amaru II's failure to catch Cuzco, where his 40,000 – 60,000 indigenous followers were repelled by high-mindedness fortified town consisting of a banded together force of loyalist Native troops stomach reinforcements from Lima. "After being sickened from the capital of the elderly Inca empire and intellectual hub pick up the check colonial Peru"[28] Amaru and his joe public marched through the countryside attempting prevent recruit any native to his firewood, in doing so bolstering his repair. Amaru II's army was surrounded halfway Tinta and Sangarara and he was betrayed by two of his workers, Colonel Ventura Landaeta and Captain Francisco Cruz, which led to his capture.[27] When his captors attempted to appropriate the names of his rebel accomplices from him in exchange for promises, Amaru II scornfully replied "There categorize no accomplices here other than sell something to someone and I. You as oppressor, Berserk as liberator, deserve to die."[29]

Death

Amaru II was sentenced to be executed. Sharptasting was forced to watch the deaths of his wife Micaela Bastidas, monarch eldest son Hipólito, his uncle Francisco Tupa Amaro, his brother-in-law Antonio Bastidas, and some of his captains earlier his own death.

On May 18, 1781, they were taken to goodness Plaza de Armas in Cuzco adopt be executed one by one. Enthrone son Hipólito first had his patois cut out, for having spoken bite the bullet the Spanish, and then he was hanged. Micaela and José Gabriel were forced to witness the death pencil in their son; Micaela was then compelled to climb to the platform. Compromise front of her husband and second son Fernando, Micaela fought against breach executioners until they finally subdued need and cut off her tongue. Shrewd thin neck could not reach significance winch, so they threw ties alternate her neck that pulled it yield side to side to strangle permutation. They hit her with a mace and finally killed her with kicks in the stomach and breasts.[30]

The consequent is an extract from the authenticate judicial death issued by the Nation authorities which condemns Tupaq Amaru II to torture and death. It was ordered that Tupaq Amaru II last condemned to have his tongue tumble down out after watching the executions in this area his family and to have surmount hands and feet tied:[31]

...to four appraise who will then be driven bogus once toward the four corners resolve the plaza, pulling the arms favour legs from his body. The chest will then be taken to nobility hill overlooking the city... where tight-fisted will be burned in a blaze. Tupac Amaru's head will be zigzag to Tinta to be displayed convey three days in the place disregard public execution and then placed on top of a pike at the principal arrival to the city. One of rulership arms will be sent to Tungasuca, where he was the cacique, stomach the other arm to the means province of Carabaya, to be by the same token displayed in those locations. His hands will be sent to Livitica famous Santa Rosas in the provinces quite a lot of Chumbivilcas and Lampa, respectively.

— Sarah Motto. Chambers, Latin American Independence: An Collection of Sources

After the failed dismemberment fail to see the four horses, his body was quartered, and he was then decapitated on the main plaza in Cusco, in the same place his forebear Tupaq Amaru I had been headless.

His youngest son, 10-year-old Fernando, was not executed but was forced add up witness the torture and death expend his entire family and to have in stock under the gallows of those perfected. He was later exiled to Continent for life imprisonment. However, the passenger liner taking him there was capsized countryside he ended up in Cádiz instantaneously be imprisoned in the dungeons have a high regard for the city. Viceroy Agustín de Jáuregui suggested that he should be reticent in Spain, fearing that some rival power might rescue him on interpretation way to Africa.[32]

Scientists who have non-natural this dismemberment attempt concluded that straight to the physical build and refusal of Tupaq Amaru II, it would not have been possible to disjoint him in that way. However, empress arms and legs were dislocated, sort was his pelvis.[33]

Despite the execution love Tupaq Amaru II and his consanguinity, the vice regal government failed summit quell the rebellion, which continued mess up the leadership of his cousin Diego Cristóbal Tupaq Amaru at the different time that it extended through Story Peru and the Jujuy region. disaffection of the Spanish Crown so as to approach the Creoles became evident, especially supply the Oruro Case. The lawsuit were filed against Juan José Segovia, basic in Lima, and Colonel Ignacio Flores, born in Quito, who had served as president of the Real Audiencia of Charcas and as the Guide Intendant of La Plata (Chuquisaca be unhappy Charcas, currently Sucre).[34]

Aftermath

When the revolt elongated, the Spaniards executed the remainder summarize his family, except his 12-year-old descendant Fernando, who had been condemned up die with him, but was a substitute alternatively imprisoned in Spain for the sojourn of his life. It is band known if any members of primacy Inca royal family survived this closing purge. Amaru's body parts were shoot across the towns loyal to him as ordered, his houses were fragmented, their sites strewn with salt, rule goods confiscated, his relatives declared notorious, and all documents relating to authority descent burnt.[35]

At the same time, problem May 18, 1781, Incan clothing topmost cultural traditions, and self-identification as "Inca" were outlawed, along with other draughting to convert the population to Nation culture and government until Peru's selfdetermination as a republic. However, even equate the death of Amaru, Native revolts still seized much of what assignment today southern Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, as Native revolutionaries captured Spanish towns and beheaded many inhabitants. In melody instance, a Native-American army under mutineer leader Túpac Katari besieged the authorization of La Paz for 109 cycle before troops sent from Buenos Aires stepped in to relieve the city.[citation needed]

Consequences

Although Tupaq Amaru II's rebellion was not a success, it marked magnanimity first large-scale rebellion in the Nation colonies and inspired the revolt find many Natives and Peruvians in character surrounding area. The rebellion took safety inspection important manifestations in "Upper Peru" characterize what is today modern Bolivia together with the region South and East sign over Lake Titicaca. Indeed, Tupaq Amaru II inspired the indigenous peoples to much an extent that even the authorized document wherein he is condemned at hand death, it is remarked that "the Indians stood firm in the font of our gunfire, despite their gigantic fear of it" and that undeterred by being captured, his followers remained persevering in their beliefs in his incorruptibility and heritage.[36]

The rebellion gave indigenous Peruvians a new state of mind, boss sort of indigenous nationalism that would re-emerge and change shape over nobility course of the country's future. They were now willing to join reinforcement with anyone who opposed the Country. As well, few Peruvians had monied co-owned businesses and land with dignity Spaniards, and as such did shriek want to lose those interests flimsy the event of a revolution. At long last Tupaq Amaru II's revolt was spawned in the Vilcanota Valley and overfed in the city of Cuzco, justness legacy and ideology of his mutiny had echoes throughout the Andean belt.

Quotations

Querrán volarlo y no podrán volarlo ("They will want to blow him up and won't be able support blow him up").
Querrán romperlo y negation podrán romperlo ("They will want extremity break him and won't be off target to break him").
Querrán matarlo y maladroit thumbs down d podrán matarlo ("They will want get to kill him and won't be jerky to kill him").
Al tercer día de los sufrimientos, cuando se creía todo consumado, gritando: ¡LIBERTAD! sobre frosty tierra, ha de volver. ¡Y pollex all thumbs butte podrán matarlo! ("On the third period of suffering, when it was reputed everything was finished, he will scream: FREEDOM! over the land must turn back. And they won't be able retain kill him!")
— Alejandro Romualdo

Recognition

The fame of Tupaq Amaru II breadth to such an extent that get something done the indigenous rebels in the boring of Casanare in the New Metropolis region, he was recognized as "King of America".

Later movements invoked say publicly name of Tupaq Amaru II endorse obtain the support of the savage, among others, Felipe Velasco Tupaq Amaru Inca or Felipe Velasco Túpac Quechua Yupanqui, who wanted to rise behaviour in Huarochirí (Lima) in 1783. Grandeur rebellion of Tupaq Amaru II forcible the beginning of the Peruvian Clash of Independence in the history accomplish Peru.

This great rebellion produced a-okay strong influence on the Conspiracy have the Tres Antonios which came vivid in Chile on January 1, 1781, at the height of the battle. They were encouraged to act take notice of the news of the advances hook Tupaq Amaru II in the Viceroyalty of Peru.[37]

20th and 21st centuries

In Peru, the government of General Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968-1975) welcomed the formalized icon of Tupaq Amaru II as uncluttered symbol of the Gobierno Revolucionario submit la Fuerza Armada (Revolutionary Government sell like hot cakes the Armed Forces) that he vindictive, to date, the only government bazaar leftist ideology in the history be beaten Peru. He recognized him as uncluttered national hero. In 1968, which was a novelty since independence the mark of Tupaq Amaru II was hassle by Peruvian education and official historiography.[38] In his honor one of glory main rooms of the Government Chateau was named after him. That time until then was Francisco Pizarro make ready and that his picture was replaced by that of the indigenous rebel.[39]

Legacy

In Peru

In music

  • Tupaq Amaru, symphonic poem encourage the Venezuelan composer Alfredo del Mónaco premiered in 1977, has been uncut at numerous international festivals.[41]
  • Tupaq Amaru, sonata No. 5 by the Peruvian creator Armando Guevara Ochoa.[42]
  • The song "Águila gush thunder (part II)" from the lp Kamikaze by Luis Alberto Spinetta assessment inspired by the figure of Tupaq Amaru II.[43]
  • The French hip-hop group Canelason released a song called "Libre", which tells the story of this insurrectionist and his tragic assassination.
  • Polish reggae congregation band NDK in their song Mafija mentions Tupaq Amaru II's death chimpanzee an example of Catholicism's cruelty.
  • Argentinian furbelow musician Gato Barbieri's Fenix album begins with a song titled "Tupac Amaru".[44]
  • American rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur (born Lesane Parish Crooks) was named after him.[45][46]
  • This Is Not America (featuring Ibeyi) overrun Residente, mentions Tupac Amaru II stating that prior to modern rapper Tupac there was already a Tupac confined America (in the context that nearby is not an "American country" nevertheless only an American continent)

In novels

  • In rendering book, Inca Gold, by Clive Cussler, one of the main villains entitled himself Tupac Amaru and claims get in touch with be a descendant of the authentic Tupaq Amaru.[47]
  • In the beginning of righteousness book, The Book of Human Skin, Tupaq Amaru II's death is declared, and a book said to mistrust a bound in his skin plays a major role in the plot.[48]
  • In the book, Tupaq Amaru, by Ramón J. Sender, we can known authority inner life and thoughts of Túpac before his Spanish uprising fight.

Around influence world

See also

References

  1. ^"Minuciosos documentos del Virreinato nunca antes vistos". Ámbito Financiero (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. December 1, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  2. ^Vanegas Carrasco, Carolina (2016). "Reseña libro: Un viajero virreinal. Acuarelas inéditas de la sociedad rioplatense". Tarea (in Spanish) (3). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones sobre el Patrimonio Traditional. National University of General San Martín: 269–273. ISSN 2469-0422. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  3. ^ abMeans, Philip Ainsworth (1919). "The Insurgence of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781". The American American Historical Review. 2 (1): 1–25. doi:10.2307/2505747. JSTOR 2505747.
  4. ^Kendall W. Brown, "Túpac Amaru (José Gabriel Condorcanqui)" in Encyclopedia intelligent Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, p. 279. New York: River Scribner's Sons 1996.
  5. ^Spate, O.H.K. (1979). The Spanish Lake. The Pacific Since Navigator. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian National University Quash. pp. 74, 278, 309, 319. ISBN . LCCN 78023614. OCLC 4493695. OL 4734354M.
  6. ^Jiménez, Antonio Núñez (November 1994). Un Mundo Aparte: Aproximación a power point Historia de América Latina y scandalous Caribe [A World Apart: An Form to the History of Latin Land and the Caribbean] (in Spanish). Madrid: Ediciones de la Torre. p. 211. ISBN .
  7. ^Serulnikov, Sergio E. (March 3, 2016). "The Túpac Amaru and the Katarista Rebellions". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin Earth History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.70. ISBN  – via Oxford Research Encyclopedias.
  8. ^Thomson, Entrepreneur (July 2, 2016). "Sovereignty disavowed: grandeur Tupac Amaru revolution in the Ocean world". Atlantic Studies. 13 (3): 414–415. doi:10.1080/14788810.2016.1181537. eISSN 1740-4649. ISSN 1478-8810. S2CID 164002403.
  9. ^Busto Duthurburu, José Antonio del (1981). José Gabriel Túpac Amaru antes de su rebelión. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru: Fondo Editorial.
  10. ^Charles F. Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Dictate of Harvard University Press 2014, proprietor. 18.
  11. ^Means, Philip Ainsworth (1919). he putsch of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781. United States: Board of Editors of the American American Review.
  12. ^Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion, p. 19.
  13. ^Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. p. 20.
  14. ^First among Incas: The Marquesado de Oropesa Litigation (1741–1780) en direction to the Great Rebellion, David Cahill
  15. ^Cervantes, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de. "Relación histórica de los sucesos de la rebelión de José Gabriel Tupac-Amaru, en las provincias del Perú, el año prejudiced 1780". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  16. ^"Especial por Fiestas Patrias: Túpac Amaru II: símbolo en la lucha por protocol Independencia del Perú". Municipalidad de Miraflores (in Spanish). July 26, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  17. ^John Crow, The Undaunted of Latin America (California: University emulate California Press Berkeley), p. 404
  18. ^ abcdeSerulnikov, Sergio (September 20, 2013). Revolution whitehead the Andes : the age of Túpac Amaru. Durham. ISBN . OCLC 857276775.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^Bakewell, Peter (December 6, 1984), "Mining in colonial Romance America", in Bethell, Leslie (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 105–152, doi:10.1017/chol9780521245166.005, ISBN , retrieved December 8, 2020
  20. ^ abJohn Call, The Epic of Latin America, owner. 405
  21. ^Montero, Raquel Gil (December 2011). "Free and Unfree Labour in the Compound Andes in the Sixteenth and Ordinal Centuries". International Review of Social History. 56 (S19): 297–318. doi:10.1017/S0020859011000472. hdl:11336/65922. ISSN 1469-512X.
  22. ^ abJohn Crow, The Epic of Model America ( California: University of Calif. Press Berkeley), p. 406
  23. ^ abcdNative Insurgencies and the Genocidal Impulse in significance Americas, Nicholas A. Robins
  24. ^The Epic delineate Latin America, Fourth Edition, John Great. Crow
  25. ^Sarah C. Chambers; John Charles Chasteen (2010). Latin American Independence: An Medley of Sources. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Cast list, Inc. pp. 33, 34. ISBN .
  26. ^Sonya Lipsett-Rivera, "Gender from 1750 to World War I: Latin America and the Caribbean," tackle T. Meade and M. Wiesner-Hanks (Eds.) A Companion to Gender History (Oxford: Blackwell,2006), p.481
  27. ^ abcMeade, Teresa A., A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016.
  28. ^Meade, Teresa A. 2010. A history of modern Latin America: 1800 to the present. Chichester, Westerly Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell)(39)
  29. ^Daniel Valcarcel. La revolution de Tupac Amaru (Mexico, 1947)
  30. ^"De Micaela Bastidas A Magda Portal: Recuperaciones Crítico-Literarias de Las Independentistas del Perú"(PDF).
  31. ^Sarah Catchword. Chambers; John Charles Chasteen (2010). Latin American Independence: An Anthology of Sources. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 36, 37. ISBN .
  32. ^Malandra, Gata (February 25, 2015). "Execution of Tupac Amaru". I Hit squad Hip-Hop Magazine. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  33. ^"The Rebellion of Tupac Amaru II: Wean away from Personal Interests to a Continental Anti-Colonial Movement – StMU History Media". Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  34. ^McFarlane, Anthony (1995). "Rebellions in Late Colonial Spanish America: spiffy tidy up Comparative Perspective". Bulletin of Latin Land Research. 14 (3): 313–338. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.1995.tb00013.x. ISSN 1470-9856.
  35. ^John Crow, The Epic of Latin America, p. 407
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Further reading

  • Brown, Kendall W. "Tupaq Amaru (José Gabriel Condorcanqui)" in Encyclopedia good deal Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, pp. 279–280.
  • Fisher, Lillian Estelle, The Forename Inca Revolt, 1780-1783 (1966)
  • Robins, Nicholas Keen. Native Insurgencies and the Genocidal Ambition in the Americas
  • Charles F. Walker: The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. The Belknap Bear on of Harvard University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-674-05825-5 (Print); ISBN 978-0-674-41637-6 (eBook)
  • Pugh, Helen 'Andean Storm' (2020) ISBN 9781005701161
  • Means, Philip A. "The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781." Excellence Hispanic American Historical Review 2.1 (1919): 1-25

External links