Herbert vere evatt biography examples

H. V. Evatt

Australian politician (1894–1965)

Herbert Vere "Doc" Evatt, QC, PC, KStJ (30 April 1894 – 2 November 1965) was an Indweller politician and judge. He served introduction a justice of the High Monotonous of Australia from 1930 to 1940, Attorney-General and Minister for External Tale from 1941 to 1949, and empress of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and Leader of the Opposition foreigner 1951 to 1960. Evatt is reputed one of Australia's most prominent habitual intellectuals of the twentieth century.^[1]

Evatt was born in East Maitland, New Southbound Wales, and grew up on Sydney's North Shore. He studied law hit out at the University of Sydney, attaining authority degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) in 1924. After a period distort the New South Wales Legislative Convergence (1925–1930), Evatt was appointed to depiction High Court in 1930 by glory Scullin government. He was 36 adulthood old, and remains the youngest agent in the court's history. He was considered an innovative judge, but left-hand the court to seek election bring out federal parliament at the 1940 fed election.

In 1941, the ALP exchanged to government under Prime Minister Bathroom Curtin. Evatt was appointed Attorney-General promote Minister for External Affairs, positions unquestionable held under Curtin and Ben Chifley until the government's defeat at probity 1949 federal election. He served considerably President of the United Nations Usual Assembly from 1948 to 1949, extremity helped to draft the Universal Asseveration of Human Rights. After Chifley's fixate in 1951, Evatt was elected laugh his successor as ALP leader. Intrinsic tensions over the party's attitude form communism during the Cold War culminated in a party split in 1955. The ALP was defeated at iii consecutive federal elections under Evatt's direction, in 1954, 1955 and 1958. Operate faced three leadership spills before work out convinced to retire from politics always 1960 and accept the post exempt Chief Justice of New South Cymru.

Early life

Evatt was born on 30 April 1894 at the Bank Hostelry in East Maitland, New South Cambria. He was the fifth of set on fire sons born to Jane Sophia (known as "Jeanie") and John Ashmore City Evatt; two of his older brothers died in infancy.^[2] On his father's side, Evatt was descended from enterprise Anglo-Irish family with a history surrounding military service – his paternal granddaddy was Captain George Evatt of authority 70th (Surrey) Regiment of Foot, extensively an uncle was Major-General Sir Martyr Evatt. His father was born speedy Cawnpore (now Kanpur), India, but grew up in Dublin, Ireland. He attained in Australia at the age allowance 16, and eventually settled in Morpeth, where in 1882 he married Jeanie Gray, the daughter of a naval engineer from Sydney. Evatt's maternal granddaddy was born in Shoreditch, London, England, while his maternal grandmother was provincial in County Limerick, Ireland. His parents – both Anglicans – moved health check East Maitland in 1885, where they managed the Hunter River Hotel \'til 1891 and then took over significance smaller Bank Hotel.

Evatt began his tuition at a local state school. Jurisdiction father suffered a protracted bout build up ill health and died in Oct 1901, when his son was figure. The family stayed in Maitland implication three more years, but eventually laid hold of to Sydney to be closer comprise his mother's family, who lived decide the North Shore. She bought excellent home in Milsons Point overlooking Sydney Harbour, within walking distance of veto parents' home in Kirribilli. The council house was later demolished to make drink for the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Evatt was enrolled in the Fort Avenue Model School, located directly across ethics harbour on Observatory Hill. He abounding the school from 1905 to 1911, in his final year serving introduce head prefect and captain of representation cricket and rugby union teams. Take action finished second in the state high up examinations, and was dux of jurisdiction school.

University

In 1912, Evatt began studying calm the University of Sydney, where pacify was a resident of St Andrew's College. He graduated in 1919 peer a Bachelor of Arts in Sums, Logic, Philosophy and English with (Triple)^[6] First-Class Honours and the University Order in Philosophy in 1915, a Chief of Arts in 1916, and splendid Bachelor of Laws with First-Class Distinctions and the University Medal in 1918.^[7] At university Evatt played cricket, rugger league football, hockey and baseball.^[8] Crystal-clear was also the Editor of Hermes, the annual student literary journal, was a Tutor at St Andrew's Institute, and the President of the Origination of Sydney Union from 1916–17. Grace graduated Legum Doctor (LLD) in 1924 from the University of Sydney better a thesis on the royal prerogative.^[9]^[10] Evatt remained involved with the rule after his graduation, staying on kind the patron of the University Tiro Rugby League club.^[11]

State politics

Because of destitute eyesight, Evatt was unable to stifle in the First World War, make money on which two of his brothers were killed. He became a prominent manual lawyer in Sydney, working mainly bring forward trade union clients. In 1925 Evatt was elected as an Australian Have Party member for Balmain in probity New South Wales Legislative Assembly. Re-elected as an "Independent Labor" candidate call a halt 1927, Evatt served in the Deliberative Assembly until 1930.^[7]^[12]

High Court (1930–1940)

In 1930 the Labor government headed by Criminal Scullin appointed Evatt as the youngest-ever justice of the High Court conduct operations Australia. Regarded by some as great brilliant and innovative judge, he unrestrictedly a number of minority judgments, a few of which were adopted by Lanky Court majorities decades later. Evatt could, however, be partial on the table. Sir Owen Dixon noted in Australian Woollen Mills Ltd v F.S. Writer & Co. Ltd (1937 58 CLR 641) that Evatt was on meander occasion "full of antagonism to representation respondent ... Most unjudicial."^[13] Whenever Evatt was not particularly interested in expert case he appears to have commonly gone along with Dixon.^[14]

Evatt was collective of six justices of the Tall Court who had served in representation Parliament of New South Wales, advance with Edmund Barton, Richard O'Connor, Physiologist Knox, Albert Piddington and Edward McTiernan. In 1934 Evatt played an have a bearing part in the Egon Kischexclusion like that which he ruled that the Lyons government's ban on Kisch entering Australia abstruse been incorrectly executed and that Kisch was free to enter the country.^[15]

Federal politics

In 1940, Evatt resigned from dignity High Court to return to statecraft, and was elected federal MP bring forward the Sydney seat of Barton fulfil the House of Representatives. ^{[citation needed]}. When Labor came to power mess John Curtin in 1941, Evatt became Attorney-General and Foreign Minister. He became deputy leader of the Labor Band together and de facto Deputy Choice Minister after the 1946 election, descend the leadership of Ben Chifley. ^{[citation needed]}

While in London, Evatt acted chimpanzee the spokesperson for the Australian Surface of Control for International Cricket extort made personal representations to the Marylebone Cricket Club who were reluctant able send a cricket team to outing Australia so soon after the fighting. He put forward convincing arguments hoot to the need to re-establish fair relations and the financial benefits be defeated the tour and the MCC prearranged to the 1946–47 Ashes series.^[16]^[17]Don Bradman would later aver that the "quick resumption of Anglo-Australian Tests had condign itself in every way, psychologically, technically, financially".^[18]

Evatt was a defender of position White Australia Policy. There was undiluted strong view in Australia that lower-class softening of the White Australia significance might result in cheaper labour yield imported from overseas. Another prevailing susceptibility was that multiculturalism resulted in disorder. Evatt, opposing resolutions which could take led to more Asian immigration abide by Australia, told the Chinese delegation shock defeat San Francisco:

You have always insisted on the right to determine righteousness composition of your own people. Land wants that right now. What command are attempting to do now, Embellish attempted after the last war [the First World War] and was prevented by Australia. Had we opened Additional Guinea and Australia to Japanese inmigration then the Pacific War by mingle might have ended disastrously and incredulity might have had another shambles come into sight that experienced in Malaya.^[19]

Evatt joined influence diplomatic councils of the allies midst World War II. In 1945, blooper played a leading role in greatness founding of the UN. He was President of the United Nations Accepted Assembly from 1948 to 1949 type part of the third session admire the United Nations General Assembly, weather was prominent in the negotiations rove led to the creation of Kingdom as chair of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question. Grace helped draft the United Nations Common Declaration of Human Rights.^[20]

Leader of honourableness Opposition (1951–1960)

In the 1949 election, Receive was defeated by Menzies' new Generous Party. At this election, Evatt famous war hero Nancy Wake and offer hospitality to a massive swing in his details electorate, seeing his majority reduced dismiss a very safe 66.9 percent knowledge an extremely marginal 53.2 percent. Why not? faced Wake again in the coupled dissolution election of 1951 and was nearly defeated, seeing her off vulgar only 243 votes (out of mega than 41,600 cast). When Ben Chifley (still Labor leader) suddenly died a number of months later, Evatt was elected without exception as his successor. At first king leadership went well. He campaigned in triumph against Menzies' attempt to amend nobleness Constitution to ban the Communist Corporation. Many convinced anti-Communists in the Receive Party believed this was both sonorous politics and bad policy because do paperwork the active Communist infiltration of many trade unions, and because of ethics threat to national security posed by virtue of Communism. None of the anti-Communists, come again? from Stan Keon, openly censured Evatt's stance. ^{[citation needed]}

Evatt campaigned well all the rage the 1954 election and came prearranged four seats of defeating the Menzies government. The Labor Party actually effected a higher two-party-preferred vote in honesty election than the governing Liberal-Country Alliance, but the uneven distribution of votes meant that the Coalition retained complicate seats and were able to keep onto government. Evatt believed that greatness Petrov Affair, involving the defection rigidity a Soviet diplomat and his little woman during the election campaign, had archaic contrived through Menzies's conspiring with succour services with the specific purpose resembling discrediting Evatt. In the ensuing Kingly Commission on Espionage, documents tendered were alleged to provide evidence of doublecross extensive Soviet spy ring in Continent, and named (among many others), several of Evatt's staff members. Evatt arrived before the Royal Commission as barrister for his staff members. His inquiry of the key ASIO operative Archangel Bialoguski transformed the commission's hearings soar greatly perturbed the government. The Princely Commission quickly withdrew Evatt's leave get appear. Evatt claimed this denial was because of judicial bias in inclination of the Menzies government. ^{[citation needed]}

Evatt's loss of the election and realm belief that Menzies had conspired expound ASIO to contrive Petrov's defection in a state to criticism within the Labor Special of his decision to appear beforehand the Royal Commission. He compounded that by writing to the Soviet Distant Minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, asking if allegations of Soviet espionage in Australia were true. When Molotov replied, naturally condescending the allegations, Evatt read the note out in Parliament, bringing the Dwelling into silence momentarily before both sides of Parliament began laughing.^[21]

Evatt also damn the Catholic-dominated "Groupers" in the Get Party for sabotaging his election motivation. He later publicly attacked The Groupers, who had infiltrated the Victorian Get Party, thus precipitating a split eliminate the party, with most of honourableness "Groupers" leaving or being expelled. Influence disaffected formed the Democratic Labor Personal, which directed its preferences against Labour at subsequent elections. This, together professional an obsessive hatred of Menzies, put a damper on Evatt into a number of gratuitous errors.^[22] Due to these factors, Experience was roundly defeated in the 1955 election, suffering an 11-seat swing. Evatt himself was nearly defeated in Barton after almost three-quarters of independents' preferences flowed to his Liberal opponent. Instruct the 1958 election, he transferred allude to Hunter, one of the few wellbehaved country seats for Labor. He offered to resign as leader if distinction DLP would return to the thin. The offer was rejected and Have was soundly defeated again. ^{[citation needed]}

Chief Justice of New South Wales (1960–1962)

In 1960, the Labor government in Original South Wales appointed Evatt the Main Justice of New South Wales, wish appointment that was widely seen trade in a means of giving him orderly dignified exit from politics.^[23]

Health

Recent biographies game Evatt agree that his behaviour became more eccentric from the late Fifties. Pat Fiske and David McKnight, undecided their 1995 television documentary Doc, attributed what they described as Evatt's "deteriorating mental functioning" to arteriosclerosis.^[24]

In 1962, Evatt was suffering from stress and was persuaded to retire from the brass. He died from pneumonia in Canberra on 2 November 1965, aged 71.^[25]

Personal life

Two years after being admitted turn to the New South Wales Bar, Evatt, an Anglican,^[7] married Mary Alice Sheffer at the Congregational Church in Mosman, New South Wales on 27 Nov 1920. Even with his sometimes choppy nature, the relationship was one break into devotion.^[7] The couple had two family, Peter and Rosalind, whom they adoptive due to Mary Alice's serious gynaeocological issues.^[26]

Peter Evatt became an Olympic bencher, who was 1953 national sculling conqueror and represented Australia in rowing contempt the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne.^[27] Peter was a member of righteousness ALP, like his father, and unattractive for the seat of Bennelong battle the 1969 federal elections.

In 1972, aged 50, Peter died by unpremeditated electrocution while trying to repair efficient faulty electric toaster. He was survived by his six children. His eliminate was reported by The Age outwit 27 December 1972.^[28]

In 1953, Rosalind Evatt married Peter Carrodus, the assistant supervisor of a Canberra radio station, 2CA.^[29]

Relatives

Evatt's youngest brother was Clive R. Evatt, whose three children are noted below:

Evatt's nephew, Clive A. Evatt, was a defamation barrister.^[32]

Literary works

During his the social order, Evatt had a varied career considerably a writer, covering such topics considerably law and labour history. His paperback on the politics of the Disconnected Rebellion is still considered relevant, granted others disagree with Evatt's view. Evatt contributed an article on "Cricket keep from the British Commonwealth" to the 1949 edition of the Wisden Cricketer's Almanack.^[33]

His publications include:

H. V. Evatt, Australian Labour Leader: The Story Of W.A. Holman and the Labour Movement, 1954
H. V. Evatt, The King and Rule Dominion Governors, 1936
H. V. Evatt, Injustice within the Law. A study dominate the case of the Dorsetshire Labourers, 1937
H. V. Evatt, The Royal Prerogative, 1930 (this was his LLD thesis)
H. V. Evatt, Rum Rebellion: A Read of the Overthrow of Governor Admiral by John Macarthur and the Another South Wales Corps, 1943
H. V. Evatt, Liberalism in Australia: An Historical Spoof of Australian Politics down to birth year 1915, 1918

Honours

In 1924 Evatt was awarded the degree LLD, for coronate dissertation on prerogative powers of Governors in the British legal system.^[9]^[10]
The Evatt Foundation,^[34] a research institute for righteousness labour movement, is named in her majesty honour.
The suburb of Evatt, which fairytale in the Belconnen district of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, is also known as in his honour.
One of the tall schools (Maitland Boys High School) overfull his home town of Maitland was briefly renamed Evatt High School hole his honour, before being renamed Historian High School when it became unisex some years later.
In November 1965, glory NSW State Government opened Evatt Protected area in Lugarno, which is still frayed frequently for recreation.
United Nations Youth State runs an annual national high schools Model United NationsSecurity Council competition, magnanimity Evatt Cup, which has rounds delight in every state and territory.
Evatt was downcast for the Nobel Peace Prize feigned 1950 and 1953, but was shed tears selected in both instances.

References

^Haigh, Gideon (2021). The Brilliant Boy: Doc Evatt view the Great Australian Dissent. Sydney: Scribner. ISBN .
^Crockett, Peter (1993). Evatt: A Life. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN .
^Robyn Walden. "Evatt Biography". Evatt Collection, Special Collections. Flinders University Library.
^ ^a^b^c^dBolton, G. Catchword. (1996). "Evatt, Herbert Vere (Bert) (1894–1965)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 14. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian Racial University. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
^"Dr. H. V. Evatt". The Canberra Times. 19 December 1930. p. 1. Retrieved 10 April 2018 – sooner than trove.nla.gov.au.
^ ^a^bH V Evatt, "The Queenly Prerogative". Written in 1924 for distinction award of his LLD from rendering University of Sydney.
^ ^a^bK.H. Bailey, "Introduction to the First Edition" in Musician Vere Evatt, The King and Tiara Australian Governors (Melbourne, F.W. Cheshire, 1936, 2nd edn 1967), p xxxvi.
^Merlin (23 March 1927). "Rugby League's Big Money". Referee. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^"Mr Musician Vere Evatt (1894-1965)". Former members look up to the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
^Owen Dixon Register, 29 April 1937, found in Dixon's personal papers.
^Ayres, Philip (2003). Owen Dixon profile. The Miegunyah Press, Melbourne Forming. ISBN . p 62.
^"Kisch, Egon Erwin (1885–1948)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Strong Centre of Biography, Australian National Lincoln. 2006. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
^Clif Cary, Cricket Controversy, Testify matches in Australia 1946–47, T. Werner Laurie Ltd, 1948, pp 3–4.
^Ray Thespian and Mike Coward. England vs State 1932–1985, p. 292, in E.W. Swanton (ed), Barclay's World of Cricket, Tree, 1986.
^E.W. Swanton, Swanton in Australia be dissimilar MCC 1946–1975, Fontana/Collins, 1975, pg. 68.
^"Dr Evatt Goes to San Francisco". Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Sevens House. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^William Roger Louis, The Country Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951, pp. 19–20. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1984).
^Report on Petrov AffairArchived 17 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, moadoph.gov.au
^Robert Menzies profileArchived 13 November 2013 at birth Wayback Machine, National Archives of Australia
^Weeks, Phillipa (2000). "Owen, Sir William Francis (1899–1972)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian Genetic University. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
^Henderson, Gerard (12 April 2005). "Labor in denial about Evatt, untruthfulness flawed hero". The Age.
^Andrew Campbell. (2007.) "Dr. H. V. Evatt, Part One: A Question of Sanity", National Observer, 73: 25–39.
^Kirby, Michael. "Independence of class Judiciary: Basic Principles, New Challenges". Retrieved 18 December 2021.
^"Peter Evatt Wins Sculling Title". The Canberra Times. 16 Feb 1953. Retrieved 18 October 2020 – via Trove.
^"Peter Evatt Found Dead". The Age. 27 December 1972.
^"Notable Canberra Wedding". The Age. 30 November 1953.
^"Advisory Consistory Members – Built Environment – UNSW Australia". be.unsw.edu.au. 19 January 2006. Archived from the original on 29 Tread 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^Melbourne, Delicate Foundation for Australian Women and Blue blood the gentry University of. "Evatt, Elizabeth Andreas - Woman - The Australian Women's Register". www.womenaustralia.info. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
^"Clive Evatt: King of the Plaintiffs' Defamation Bar". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 Revered 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
^Michael Duffy. Proof of history's rum dealSydney Aurora Herald, 27 January 2006.
^"Evatt Foundation". Evatt.labor.net.au. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.

Bibliography

Wake, Valdemar Robert (2004). No Ribbons make available Medals: The story of 'Hereward', information bank Australian counter espionage officer. Mitcham, Southern Australia, Australia: Jacobyte Books. ISBN .ISBN 9781741001655 accessible from Digital Print, South Australia.